September 2025, Volume 3, Issue 9

Author

Neel Sai Raju Pedada, Mopuri Venkateswarlu, Venkata Ramana Rao Pedada, Mohit Kumar Moses Thathapudi, Hari Krishna Chowdary Lingampalli and Kattamreddy Ananth Rupesh

Abstract

Super Vasmol 33 is a widely used hair dye in India which contains paraphenylene diamine (PPD), a coal-tar derivative known for its toxic and allergenic properties. In this article we present four fatal cases of Super Vasmol ingestion, stressing its misuse as a method of deliberate self-harm. About10g of PPD is lethally toxic to cause death. Clinically, poisoning manifests with a characteristic triad: cervicofacial edema, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury. All four cases showed early onset of airway compromise due to laryngeal edema, requiring emergency airway management. At autopsy, histopathology showed pulmonary edema in lungs, acute tubular necrosis in the kidneys, and hepatic zone III necrosis in liver. Despite aggressive supportive care which included tracheostomy, corticosteroids, and dialysis, the mortality remained high. In Case 1, PPD was not detected in analytical toxicology likely due to metabolism and elimination as the survival period is long. The other three cases confirmed PPD presence in the chemical analysis of viscera. Immediate airway management and renal care (dialysis) remain as vital components of treatment. These cases underscore the systemic toxicity of PPD and the lack of a specific antidote. While banned in several countries, PPD remains easily accessible in India, raising concerns over its misuse. Safer alternatives like para-Toluenediamine sulfate (PTDS) may reduce hypersensitivity risks in dermatological practice. However, the toxicity of PTDS when ingested is not known. Enhanced public awareness, regulation, and substitution with less toxic compounds are essential to curb the growing incidence of hair dye poisoning in India.